CONTENTS
Introduction
1. An understanding of AIDS
1.1 AIDS – an Indian reality
1.2 The nature of the disease
1.2.1 The incubation period
1.2.2 Affecting the Human Immune System
1.3 Ways of contracting and diagnosing AIDS
2. Economic Impact of AIDS in India 2.1 A Demand for a High Investment
2.2 A Decline in the Working Population
2.3 Loss of employment and income
3. Social Impact of AIDS in India 3.1Ontological Dignity of the victims
3.2 Disintegration of the families
4. A collective and sincere response
4.1 Responsibility of the Indian Government
4.2 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
4.3 A Christian response
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
My concern here is to present how
India would encounter a very critical situation socially and economically if serious and sincere endeavours are not made immediately in tackling with the issue of AIDS. The fact that AIDS accounts for 2 percent of all the deaths in
India is truly tormenting.
The inhuman treatment subjected to the HIV infected persons and the bewildering threat of AIDS in declining the Indian economy calls for true commitment and responsibility of every Indian. Therefore, engaging the analytical method in this assignment, I analyse and prove how AIDS has become a serious threat to the social and economic reality of
India.
1. An understanding of AIDS
It is worthy to note here that AIDS is one of the greatest concerns of the entire humanity today. As we come to learn that there is no cure possible so far but only preventive measures are available for AIDS provokes a serious concern of everyone.
1.1 AIDS – an Indian reality
HIV infection in
India was first identified in 1986 among female prostitutes working in Chennai. The first case of clinical AIDS was noted in
Bombay in 1986. In the year 1987, AIDS was diagnosed in two Indians in
Vellore who had never traveled to a foreign country.
India overtakes
South Africa as having the world's highest number of people with HIV\AIDS, an estimated 5.7 million.
Migration and mobility, unsafe sex and low condom use, lower state of women, poverty are some of the factors contributing to the spread of AIDS in
India.
1.2 The nature of the disease
"AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a condition in which the in-built defense system of the body breaks down completely. This phenomenon is gradual, but ultimately leads to total depletion of a very important cell component of the immune mechanism. Those affected are thus unable to combat commonly known diseases like pneumonias, diarrhoeas, tuberculosis and even common colds; ultimately they die due to one or another of these infections."
1.2.1 The incubation period
The virus of AIDS, called HIV (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus) infects parsons in many ways but does not produce illness for a very long time.
This time interval between the exposure to HIV infection and the manifestation of the disease syndrome is called the incubation period.
1.2.2 Affecting the Human Immune System
AIDS destroys the very system designed to ward off invading organisms. HIV incubates within the skin, eyes, brain, spinal cord, nervous system, bone marrow, heart, lungs, muscles, liver, pancreas, kidneys and other vital organs.
There is no way to reconstitute the human immune system.
1.3 Ways of contracting and diagnosing AIDS
Some of the confirmed ways of contracting the disease could be enumerated as follows, through sexual intercourse which could be immoral in many cases, Transfusion of contaminated blood, Improper use of common blade, Injecting by a contaminated needle etc.
The most commonly test used is ELISA - Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay. The approximate cost per test is Rs.40.There are also confirmatory tests like Western Blot, Immuno Fluorescence assay (IFA), radio-immuno assay (RIA). In India ELISA is the most widely used test with the Western Blot as a confirmatory test.
2. Economic Impact of AIDS in India One of the reasons that in a way forces countries like
India to tackle with the issues of AIDS is that it has a drastic impact on the economy of the nation. In India the cost of deaths caused by AIDS , which includes the cost of prior illness, hospital beds, health workers' time, family members' time and energy, lost income opportunities, lost educational opportunities, creation of widows, orphans, impoverishment of communities etc., can be estimated in billions of dollars.
A study of Asia Pacific International Herald Tribune concluded that the annual average GDP growth rate - currently 8% was likely to decline by about 1% over the next 10 years if nothing was done to stem the epidemic.
2.1 A Demand for a High Investment
Investments in the strategies for prevention and control programmes such as Promotion of safe sex behaviour, condom use, management of the Sexually transmitted disease, massive public education programmes have so much of economical implications. Even where HIV prevalence rates are low costs of extensive prevention programmes are likely to stretch already overburdened budget beyond their limit.
HIV affects the total savings of the nation. When there is a decline in the savings, there will be less investment, less productive employment, lower incomes, a slow rate of GNP growth and possibly a lower level of GNP.
2.2 A Decline in the Working Population
HIV results in higher morbidity and higher mortality in particular age groups. It reduces the working population. What is more worrisome is the fact that an overwhelming majority of AIDS patients are between 20 to 40 years of age.
They are the most productive group, economically and reproductively, a fact which imparts an extraordinary significance to AIDS.
2.3 Loss of employment and income
There are many reasons that account for the loss of employment for the people living with AIDS. The fear of facing others, a feeling of depression, loss of strength and absenting often on account of medical care cause them the loss of employment.
In a household study on
India, 36% of the people living with HIV and AIDS who were able to retain their job reported an income loss with the average of 9 %. Among those who lost their employment the income loss was severe at about 66%. Medical expenditure accounts for 11% of the total expenditure in the household.
3. Social Impact of AIDS in India AIDS has given a lion’s share in making the Indian society unhealthy. The society finds it very difficult to accept the people living with AIDS. Even the hospitals hesitate to treat the cases of HIV and AIDS. The inhuman treatment forced upon the HIV infected ones pose basic questions on their human dignity. Increase of poverty, blackmailing to inject the contaminated blood, prejudices over the affected ones, distrust of the spouses are some of the social offshoots of AIDS.
3.1Ontological Dignity of the victims
Stigma towards people infected with HIV/AIDS is widespread. The misconception that AIDS only affects men who have sex with men, sex workers, and injecting drug users strengthens and perpetuates existing discrimination. The most affected groups, often marginalized, have little or no access to legal protection of their basic human rights. The shame, blame, fear, distrust, disgust and dangers that surround the issues, of AIDS and the difficulties of discussing them in Indian cultures is a major problem facing the society today.
Women face greater risk of rejection, ostracism and neglect. In many cases, the burdens of costs, care of the infected fall upon the women.
3.2 Disintegration of the families
Family, the basic unit of our society is at stake.
The HIV epidemic causes immense psycho-social and economic pressure on the families.
Many families may disintegrate under the stain. The children of AIDS victims have a future replete with confusion and questions. The increase of widows disturbs the parents and relatives.
4. A collective and sincere response
The plight caused by AIDS calls for a collective and sincere response. The government, Non-governmental organizations, People Welfare Movements and the individuals have to respond to the problem together. We should meet the cost of it together.
Individuals should be self- disciplined to prevent the spread of AIDS. This requires a behavioral change. Creating awareness and addressing the human rights violations are extremely important to the fight against AIDS.
4.1 Responsibility of the Indian Government
Mr.Sadiq Ahmed, World Bank Acting Chief Economist has warned India that failure to control the epidemic at lower levels will have serious economic consequences
. India has to concentrate deeply on the concerns of promoting awareness on the disease with the understanding that the situation requires prevention.
India continues to respond to the issue in many ways.. In July, 1992 Constitution of the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) was constituted. Oct, 1992 Indian Concil of Medical Research established the National AIDS Research Institute (ICMR).
India receives technical assistance and funding from a variety of UN partners and bilateral donors. But it needs to expand the participation of other sectors, increase safe behavior and reduce stigma associated with HIV-positive people among the population.
4.2 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):
There are numerous NGOs working on HIV/AIDS issues in India at the local, state, and national levels. Their projects include targeted interventions with high risk groups, direct care of people living with HIV/AIDS, general awareness campaigns; and care for AIDS orphans. 4.3 A Christian response
If Theology is an account of hope, the issue of AIDS is a clarion call to prove it. The Catholic Church has singled out from the Vatican AIDS Conference to the efforts of the local churches, in a concerted call to compassion.
"Where sin abounds, the grace abounds yet more" (Rom 5:21). Darkness yields to hope because the sorrow of those who suffer this disaster is met by the sorrow of God. The divine will to share, to be a companion in suffering and dying, revealed in the empathy of Jesus. This calls ultimately for Church's empathy for AIDS patients.
Conclusion
As we are aware of the threat of AIDS to the social and economic welfare of
India, we must take up new strategies of promoting awareness of this monster. The ontological dignity of every HIV infected brothers and sisters of our nation should be equally respected. Blindly ignoring this issue can never create a better
India rather it would worsen the plight further. Let all the religions and people welfare movements join hands for a sincere response to this big threat so that our nation would have a better social and economic situation.
BIBLIOGRABHY
A. Books
Antonio, Gene. AIDS: Rage & Reality. Dallas: Anchor Books, 1993. Bhaskara Rao, Dr. Digumarti Ed. HIV/AIDS - Socio-Economic Realities. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House, 2000. D'Cruz, Premilla .Family Care in HIV/AIDS. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2004. Pavri, Khoshed M. Challenge of AIDS. New Delhi: national Book Trust India, 1992. B. Articles
Gowley, Paul G. "Rahner's Christian Pessimism: A Response to the Sorrow of AIDS". In Theological Studies 58/2 (June,1997).p.286-307.
C. Electronic Document: From Internet
Amella Genlleman, Study of Asia- Pacific International herald Tribune , available at http: www.nytimes/2006/07/20/world/asia/20 int - India - 2250219.html, Internet
Dr. Charles Gilks, "Impact in the Health System in India", in HIV/AIDS - Socio-Economic Realities, Dr. Digumarti Bhaskara Rao, ed., (New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House, 2000),p.140. Paul G.Gowley, "Rahner's Christian Pessimism: A Response to the Sorrow of AIDS", Theological Studies 58/2 (June,1997),p.288.